Юрий

Testing English version. Based on the old post DW/LJ.

In pastoral Moldovan and Romanian culture, sheep are a symbol of purity and innocence. It is said that God created the sheep while the devil created the goat. When the animals chose their means of defense, the sheep refused horns or fangs because it could not bring itself to harm anyone. The sheep is a mediator between the human and divine worlds. The world will exist as long as there are sheep and bees. The devil can take any form except that of a sheep...

One of the oldest themes in folklore throughout all Romanian lands is Când şi-a pierdut ciobanul oile (When the shepherd lost his sheep). Other names include Ciobanul care şi-a pierdut oile, Doina ciobanului, Povestea lui Tânjală, Jalea cârlanului, A oilor, Ciobăneasca, and Doina mocanului… The theme is usually performed on one of the shepherd’s instruments: fluier, tilinca, caval, or cimpoi. Sometimes it is accompanied by words.

The shepherd fell asleep and when he woke up in the evening, his flock of sheep had disappeared. In desperation, he searches for his sheep, mistaking stones, clouds, and bushes for them. He asks the wolf if he has seen his sheep, but the wolf mocks him. Finally, he finds his sheep. The sad melody is changed to a dance.

Кавалом в Румынии называют два разных инструмента. Румынский кавал – это большая флейта со свистковым механизмом и 5-ю (3+2) нотными отверстиями.



Молдавский кавал (называемый также fluier mare fără dop, caval bucovinean) не имеет свисткового механизма и обычно имеет 6 (3+3) нотных отверстий. Играть на нем сложнее, и, похоже, кавал со свистком вытесняет его.

Ближайшие родственники и, вероятно, прародители – турецкие кавал и ней. На последнем, кстати, играл Дмитрий Кантемир.

В нижнем регистре кавал имеет мягкий, теплый тембр с характерным шипением. Звук становится чище в среднем регистре, в более высоких регистрах кавал звучит звонко и пронзительно.

На фрагменте видео ниже показаны три традиционные техники игры на румынском кавале: (i) обычное звукоизвлечение; (ii) нижняя губа прикрывает отверстие свистка; и (iii) нижняя губа прикрывает отверстие свистка + горловой звук (sunet de caval românesc cu gâjâit, ison gutural).




Bucovina; Moldova

Gheorghe Bălteanu, jud. Bacău, Moldova
Horă





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Oltenia

Dumitru Zamfira
Alunelul înfundat (танец)




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Transilvania

Marica Larion, Bistrita-Năsăud, Leșu
field recording from 1965




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Muntenia

Mihai Diniță, Merișani, Teleorman
Ioană din Ionele




Maramureș

Gheorghe Tulici
Hore din Lăpușu Românesc

Silvestru Lungoci, nai



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Silvestru Lungoci - fluier
Nicolae Păsnicuțu - cobză